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Law and Attorney
Law is a system of rules usually enforced through a set of institutions. Law
affects everyday life and society in a variety of ways. Contract law regulates
everything from buying a bus ticket to trading swaptions on a derivatives
market. Property law defines rights and obligations related to buying, selling,
or renting real property such as homes and buildings. Trust law applies to
assets held for investment, such as pension funds. Tort law allows claims for
compensation when someone or their property is harmed. But if the harm is
criminalised, and the act is intentional, criminal law offers means to prosecute
and punish the perpetrator. Constitutional law provides a framework for creating
laws, protecting people's human rights, and electing political representatives,
while administrative law allows ordinary citizens to challenge the way
governments exercise power. International law regulates affairs between
sovereign nation-states in everything from trade to the environment to military
action. "The rule of law", wrote the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle in 350
BC, "is better than the rule of any individual."
Legal systems around the world elaborate legal rights and responsibilities in
different ways. A basic distinction is made between civil law jurisdictions and
systems using common law. Some countries base their law on religious scripts.
Scholars investigate the nature of law through many perspectives, including
legal history and philosophy, or social sciences such as economics and
sociology. The study of law raises important questions about equality, fairness
and justice, which are not always simple. "In its majestic equality", said the
author Anatole France in 1894, "the law forbids rich and poor alike to sleep
under bridges, beg in the streets and steal loaves of bread." The most important
institutions for law are the judiciary, the legislature, the executive, its
bureaucracy, the military and police, the legal profession and civil society.
Broadly speaking, an "attorney" is one who acts on behalf of another person in
some capacity. An "attorney-in-fact" is akin to an agent who acts on behalf of
another person, typically with respect to business, property, or personal
matters. Such an agent does not have to be licensed to practice law and may not
need to have any license at all.
In common law jurisdictions outside the United States (e.g., England, Canada,
Australia), attorney is incorrect as a general term, and lawyer or solicitor is
used instead. However, in these areas, the specific terms crown attorney, power
of attorney, and Attorney General, are used. In intellectual property, the term
patent attorney is commonly used.In earlier times, some states, as well as the
U.S. Supreme Court, maintained a divided legal profession, as can still be found
in the United Kingdom, consisting of attorneys (who practised in courts of
equity), solicitors (who practiced in courts of law) and barristers, also known
as counsel, whom solicitors and attorneys instructed to appear in the higher
courts. In deference to this practice, when an attorney at law is admitted to
practice in some states, his or her certificate of admission bears the title
Attorney and Counsellor-at-Law in recognition of his inheritance of both of
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